LA COLITIS EN NUESTRAS MASCOTAS (I)

La diarrea es uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta. No siempre es fácil llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo, principalmente en el caso de las diarreas crónicas. El tratamiento depende del tipo de diarrea, siendo de especial importancia el uso de una dieta adecuada.

¿Qué es la colitis?

La colitis es la inflamación que se produce en el colon. El colon es la parte del intestino grueso en la que más agua se absorbe, así que cuando se inflama suelen aparecer diarreas de gran contenido acuoso.

Tipos de colitis

La colitis en perros puede presentarse de dos formas:

Aguda: con aparición repentina y corta duración.
Crónica: presente por lo menos de dos a tres semanas o recurrente.

Causas y síntomas

En general los síntomas de colitis en perros son un aumento en la frecuencia de las deposiciones con un volumen menor, presencia de moco en las heces, no suele haber vómitos asociados, es común que aparezca sangre fresca en las heces, y tampoco suele haber pérdida de peso y si la hay es debida a la deshidratación (en los casos de diarrea aguda).

En cuanto a la colitis aguda, la causa más frecuente, tanto en el perro como en el gato, son los desórdenes alimentarios. En el perro también es frecuente la infestación por Trichuris vulpis. Estos desórdenes se producen ya sea por la ingesta de una cantidad excesiva de comida, un cambio brusco de una dieta a otra, ingestión de basuras y comida en mal estado, presencia de toxinas, nutrientes poco digestibles.

En consecuencia se produce, según cada caso, cuadros de diarrea osmótica o diarrea por alteraciones en la permeabilidad intestinal. Si se produce además afectación del intestino delgado (enterocolitis) las diarreas pueden ser de características mixtas.

En cuanto a la diarrea crónica, la causa más frecuente de diarrea en perros es la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Consiste en la inflamación de la mucosa intestinal de etiología indeterminada. Además de diarreas en perros también provoca vómitos, pérdida de peso o sangrado con las heces.

Dado que la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal es una enfermedad de causa indeterminada se llega al diagnóstico descartando otras enfermedades, tanto metabólicas como infecciosas y al final su diagnóstico se basa en demostrar mediante una biopsia intestinal que existe inflamación. Además la biopsia nos servirá para clasificar en subtipos según las células inflamatorias que predominen: enteritis linfocítico-plasmática, colitis linfocítico-plasmática, gastroenteritis eosinofílica, etc.

En unos días os hablare del manejo clínico y pronostico.

Un fuerte abrazo

Carlos Quintana

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